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FP}'c''T Jerrold FodorMountains are made of all sorts of stuff. [Yet] generalizations about mountains-as-such & continue to serve geology in good stead. &Z#E.Three types of emergenceStatic (petty reductionism) a house, cloth, hardness, e.g., of a diamond, pressure, temperature. Dynamic (grand reductionism): most agent-based models, market phenomena, (un)intended consequences. Entity-environment interactions; stigmergic effects. Strong: new forces of nature, e.g., vitalism:  life from  lifeless chemicals. Magic; non-reductionist; what Weinberg doesn t like.ZEZdZ5ZPZ6ZEd5P6  H!Reductionism vs. strong emergence"", ESurprise is not the point K4"Is emergence (just) epiphenomenal?"Epiphenomenon: a secondary phenomenon that is a by-product of another phenomenon. http://wordnet.princeton.edu/  [Species diversification] is an epiphenomenon of the basic components of replicating DNA, mutations, geography, and limiting resources. http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~heylab/sconcept/conclusions.html The elliptical shape of the earth s orbit is an epiphenomenon of the force of gravity acting on a body in motion. Imagine the earth as an  agent that follows the (local) rules of inertia and gravitational attraction.pnnrnhn   = rh  NY <g 06#PThe Game of Life Try to take it seriously as a (very) simple agent-based model.2Q","$?&Epiphenomenal gliders Gliders (waves of births and deaths? epidemics?) are (amazing) epiphenomena of the Game of Life rules whose only(!) consequences are to switch agents/cells on and off. Gliders (and other epiphenomena) are causally powerless. A glider does not change how the rules operate or which cells will be switched on and off. A glider doesn t  go to an agent and turn it on. A Game of Life run will proceed in exactly the same way whether one notices the gliders or not. A very reductionist stance. Agents don t  notice gliders any more than gliders  notice agents. Gliders exemplify dynamic emergence. Gliders are not generated explicitly. There is no glider algorithm. Gliders are not visible in the rules. Gliders are generated stigmergically. 9N%DZ&P'l59N  %h'I2!Game of Life Programming Platform"P"8Amazing as they are, gliders are also trivial. Once we know how to produce a glider, it s simple to make them. Can build a library of Game of Life patterns.</@./@.F08It s the design that mattersPDA Game of Life anthropologistPXFind a lost tribe of Game of Life runs  in the wild. Get a grant to study them. Figure out the Game of Life rules. Model even explains gliders as emergents! Publish results. But the rules do not explain the functionality of a Turing Machine simulation  which is logically independent of the rules. pt;P.t;!f f"f.fM5$Emergence: non-reductive regularity%P%,A regularity: Game-of-Life run simulating a Turing Machine. Can explain every step by appeal to the Game-of-Life rules. The rules are the only forces at work. Yet those rules don t explain: What the system is doing functionally. How its design is accomplishing it. Both Reductionism: only fundamental forces exist. Emergence (the-whole-is-more-than-just-the-sum-of-its-parts): constructive/creative functionality. Not reducible to rules. Emergence is any non-reductive functionality/regularity. Getting epiphenomena to do real work.y' KZ9&H '   >%9  &Q Functionality for an Environment!P!'Too artificial? Too designer-oriented? ((,A hurricane as a far-from-equilibrium entity-P-  Generates heat internally  by condensation rather than combustion.  Consumes fuel  different from Prigogine s dissipative structures. Energy produced powers its self-perpetuating processes. Design: a hurricane has a design; one can talk about how it works. Fitness: persists (self-perpetuating) as long as the environment within which it finds itself provides adequate resources given its design. Moist warm surface air  what it  eats. Cool dryer condensation area in upper atmosphere   waste product removal.  Dx}xxvxD"|"""""" """"""C"""e S5Dissipative structures vs. self-perpetuating entities#Why are there regularities at all?  $P"  Why do un-designed regularities (functionality fragments) such as gliders occur? Gliders are not designed. They have no environment to satisfy. Why is there number theory, e.g., Fermat s last theorem? Why is the earth s orbit a simple ellipse?  How can it be that mathematics, being after all a product of human thought independent of experience, is so admirably adapted to the objects of reality? A. Einstein.  The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences, E. Wigner. Communications in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13, No. I (February 1960). John Wiley & Sons, http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.htmlQn?nnQ"?""""+"U".& s& tq    6Modeling problems: the difficulty of looking downward$7Z,#,NStrict reductionism implies that it is impossible to find a non-arbitrary base level for models. What are we leaving out that might matter? Use Morse code to transmit messages on encrypted lines. No good models of biological arms races. Combatants exploit and/or disrupt or otherwise foil each other s processes. Insects vs. plants: bark, bark boring, toxin, anti-toxin, & . Geckos use the Van der Waals  force to climb.bZ+Z8Z)ZMZ>Z/Z' -$ + 8") A" "">"/ ,y<4Modeling problems: the difficulty of looking upward$5Z,!,Don t know how to build models that can notice emergent processes and characterize their interactions. We don t know what we aren t noticing. We/they can use our commercial airline system to deliver mail/bombs. (Food distribution ! Botulism toxin.) Model gravity as an agent-based system. Ask system to find equation of earth s orbit. Once told what to look for, system can find ellipse. But it won t notice the yearly cycle of the seasons  even though it is similarly emergent.ZkZ(ZZ $ $< E""""( "R:The emergence of complexity  P  RContact and paperRuss.Abbott@GMail.com Emergence Explained (.pdf): http://abbott.calstatela.edu/PapersAndTalks/Emergence Explained.pdf Go to http://abbott.calstatela.edu/ and click Emergence Explained. Search Google for  Emergence Explained X44E. @ HQ 0X 04wY 0O Foundations Summary slides" ,${=( Downward causation P<Using epiphenomena it s easy to compute: the trajectory of a nail on the rim of a rolling wheel (Sperry). the force applied by one billiard ball to another. whether a cell in a Game-of-Life grid will ever be turned on by a glider. the position of the earth in elliptical orbit around the sun. All are far more complex to compute in terms of fundamental forces. There is no fundamental force corresponding to kinetic energy. The gravitational n-body problem has no closed form. For the glider it s the difference between partial and total decidability. When a Game-of-Life Turing Machine turns on a tape cell (or a software animation turns on a phosphor), it is not turning on a grid cell. It is turning on a tape cell that is implemented as a grid cell. Although it may seem like downward causation, it isn t. The Game-of-Life rules control everything!)D-)D  .;P1Thermodynamic computation: nihil ex nihilo *2P!̙$! GCategories of emergent entities , "Computing/Nature as weak emergence##", D/Summary, Emergence is non-reductive (creative) regularity/functionality. Designers produce (usually nominal) emergence all the time. Weak emergence typically involves indirect interaction through an environment: stigmergy. Designs must be implementable but not reducible. Higher level entities (regions of reduced entropy ) are real  not epiphenomenal and not just conceptual conveniences. Interactions are virtual  and are vulnerable at every level. Strictly reductionist. It's important that the interactions accomplish what they are supposed to accomplish within the design. But ultimately, they are epiphenomenal. The only real action is at the lowest level. Leads to two fundamental modeling problems: difficulty in looking upward and downward.@W"@W/HTVWXYZ[\^ _ bdghsz%|&')*,-./789:;<2 ` www3ff` 3fff` ___>?" dF@0?n<d@uA @ " d`  n?" dd@   @@``PR   @ ` `PBp>> C%8(  $2 $ N ?" :  $ Ngֳgֳ ?"``  T Click to edit Master title style! !h $ Hgֳgֳf ?"P`p<$ 0  RClick to edit Master text styles Second Level Third Level Fourth Level Fifth Level!     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' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$!%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$!.%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$.:%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$:G%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$GS%(+0+(+$0 + +D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%( +D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%( +D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%( +D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%( +D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$%( Generic  @(<(  (2 ( N&?" :  ( N)gֳgֳ ?"   T Click to edit Master title style! ! ( N,-gֳgֳ ?"`p  @* ( N,gֳgֳ ?"`   B* ( T4gֳgֳ ?"`@  B*hx P  (# 3"$/2/P $  ( s 0>1?"[ T  @`$  ( s lE1?"[ T  @`$  ( s F1?"[ T  @`$ ( s T1?"[ T  @`$ ( s \1?"[ T  @`$ ( s y˼y˼ 3 . 2 ^* a00aa  Ttx>y˼y˼ r  > \* a00aa  T{>y˼y˼ r3  > ^* a00aaH  0ηo~ ? ̙3380___PPT10.GX0"  w 0  (     0-(<$D 0  R  Twgֳgֳ ?,$D 0 `What s right and what s wrong about reductionism1d1'B  TD1?"0   6 P D<4___PPT9 K Russ Abbott$ " d " K   6< ` D<4___PPT9 GCalifornia State University, Los Angeles Department of Computer Science6H " d)$&   B! p Pp D<4___PPT9 yThe Aerospace Corp. Computer Systems Division Computer Science & Technology Subdivision Information Technology Department.z " d f"z PPp  PPp,$D 0z  C xGH$11? PPp That s setting the expectation level pretty high. Can he really pull it off?MM   S ~GH\b1? PPp That s setting the expectation level pretty high. Can he really pull it off?MMB  ZDwww|?H  0޽h ?/   ̙33___PPT10+/X׷D' = @B DF' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +    p ,\ (  ,r , S X$0`   z `p  , 0@ ,$D 0 , # l1?`p  ,  `<[f1? m;How macroscopic behavior arises from microscopic behavior. <n<p , @A fbaryam'I E ,  `X_f1?{ =Yaneer Bar-Yam http://necsi.org/guide/concepts/emergence.html(>n/$#0 , Zdvv1?  ,$D 0 rEmergent entities (properties or substances)  arise out of more fundamental entities and yet are  novel or  irreducible with respect to them. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties-emergent/8%7> , ZLlf1?@  t(Macro from micro. Multiscale phenomena. 0)n  l , C xpGHx)1?  P ,$D 0 \The  scare quotes identify problematic areas.//H , 0޽h ?, www3ff___PPT10`+leD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(+p+0+,0 ++0+,0 +  '  t(  x  c $@$0`   4  Zf1? `% ,John Holland, Emergence: From Chaos to Order2-n 0,  s FA fjohn-holland  0|  Zf1?@ ,$D 0 It is unlikely that a topic as complicated as emergence will submit meekly to a concise definition, and I have no such definition to offer. n^   C xtG{bHY1? `,$D 0 PThe father of genetic algorithms. One of the founders of the Santa Fe Institute.QQH  0޽h ?  www3ffLD___PPT10$+ D' = @B DS' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+0 ++0+ 0 +^ ) P H (  r  S  $``     s *$``<$D 0    Hتgֳgֳf ?P,$D 0 (nBut the rest of the observable, exploitable order in the universe benzene molecules, PV = nRT, snowflakes, cyclonic storms, kittens, cats, young love, middle-aged remorse, financial euphoria accompanied with acute gullibility, prevaricating candidates for public office, tapeworms, jet-lag, and unfolding cherry blossoms Where do all these regularities come from? lC,C ,[@  Hgֳgֳf ?@ p@ ,$D 0  Call this emergence if you like.H!   V   c .A fCRS`(  H̲gֳgֳf ? P,$D  0 It s a fine-sounding word, and brings to mind southwestern creation myths in an oddly apt way.__   C xGz_H#1?  ,$D 0 DPhysicist (& poet)H  0޽h ? www3ff___PPT10.+VڵYDN' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*C%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*CC%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Co%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +" *  (  r  S $p `     s *$ ` P<$D 0  b  c :A fpw15040r100h@0  H`zzgֳgֳf ?`@ ,$D 0 [T]he reductionist view emphasizes that the weather behaves the way it does because of the general principles of aerodynamics, radiation flow, and so on (as well as historical accidents like the size and orbit of the earth), but in order to predict the weather tomorrow it may be more useful to think about cold fronts and thunderstorms.  Reductionism Redux, in Cornwell, J. (ed), Nature's Imagination: The Frontiers of Scientific Vision, Oxford University Press, 1995 Z '%' '' & +& 8& &    HL'gֳgֳ ?` ,$D 0 dWeinberg does not deny others the right to drink the orange juice of emergent phenomena  the idea that a system with many mutually interacting parts can lead to novel macroscopic behaviour  but he asserts vigorously his right to drink the gin of reductionism. http://physicsweb.org/articles/review/15/4/1/1 review of Facing UpzIZ5c gcgKc b 046   C xGRHt1?   @,$D 0 Z&Real or just conceptual conveniences?''t   C x,GHX1? P ,$D 0 2No autonomous forces; but perhaps autonomous laws.J3*  C xt2G H 1? `@,$D 0 NThe ultimate reductionist.H  0޽h ??0   www3ff___PPT10.+MD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +  ;     (     `A 1?0Jv  C x|GH1? ` `,$D 0 ,An originator of and outspoken defender of functionalism  Special Sciences; Still Autonomous after All These Years, Philosophical Perspectives, 1998.R9^Z9<# !# #  ZT|1? `,$D 0 Well, I admit that I don t know why. I don t even know how to think about why. I expect to figure out why there is anything except physics the day before I figure out why there is anything at all.&%#  H|gֳgֳ ? p ,$D 0 wDamn near everything we know about the world suggests that unimaginably complicated to-ings and fro-ings of bits and pieces at the extreme micro-level manage somehow to converge on stable macro-level properties.F#'.#,W lm   Z|f1?   ,$D 0 -[T]he somehow really is entirely mysterious. L.'%! '-   Z1?p 2,$D 0 ^&Why is there anything except physics? '''r  S h$  `     6 $ P <$D 0  +   C xG[H,1? P0 ,$D 0 OAutonomous laws of mountains?H  0޽h ?/   www3ff_(  y (  x  c $]$  `      0^$0P <$ 0    c 6APE01682_"` 0H$D 0t53  O3OO  X  Hlgֳgֳf ? ,$D  0 DQuantum entanglement violates whole/part (petty) reductionism. Reductionism doesn t outlaw new fundamental forces, e.g., dark energy. But don t do this too often.6nn8HB  C xpW1? 0U ,$D  0 9Tangent H  0޽h ? www3ff~___PPT10^.+tDV' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*F%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(D%' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*7~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 +w / @ 8  , (  ,r , S $`    , Hzgֳgֳf ?`(,$D 0 b~Force: any influence [that] tends to change [the motion of] an object. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html ,A8N  , H8gֳgֳf ?PP 0 ,$D 0 ]Reductionism: the only forces in the universe are the n fundamental forces, for some small n.^n  , Hgֳgֳ33 ? 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P ,$D 0 V$Just one last philosophical concept.%%H  0޽h ?/  www3ff___PPT10.+ D' = @B Dw' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*p+%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +7  kZ(     # lA ?1?  8 $E  0r 4 S C $ `   l  P j #" `@  6 c L 1?" P T  @` 7 c N 1?" P T  @` 8 c xO 1?" P T  @` 9 c c 1?" E T  @`$ : s j 1?"E  T  @`$ ; s r 1?" E T  @`$ < s z 1?" E T  @`" = c  1?" E X  @`$ > s L 1?" E T  @`B ? # l1 ?" B @ # l1 ?" PPB A # l1 ?"  PB B # l1 ?"PxB ^ H1 ?PxB _ H1 ?  PxB ` H1 ? EExB e H1 ?  3 H gֳgֳf ?0,$ 0 Built on a rectangular grid. A totalistic two-dimensional cellular automaton. An agent (cell) is either alive or dead. (Can t move.) Rules [analogous to the basic forces of nature; Fredkin & Zuse, Wolfram, http://www.math.usf.edu/~eclark/ANKOS_zuse_fredkin_thesis.html] The 8 surrounding agents are an agent s neighbors. A live agent with two or three live neighbors stays alive; otherwise it dies. A dead agent with exactly three live neighbors is (miraculously) (re)born and becomes alive. Article: http://www.math.com/students/wonders/life/life.html (bad applet?) Applet: http://www.ibiblio.org/lifepatterns/17Zx17V>S  %   3   0 05 0LpX k 3 r, G<HKwww1? 0,$D  0 @Agent-based model. Universe as CA. (Later) programming platform.AAH  0޽h ?k www3ffUM___PPT10-+D' = @B D\' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3N%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*3Dq%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D}' =%(D%' =4@BBBB%(D' =2a;B0*<3<* DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(+p+0+30 ++0+k0 +z)  g_ `(  ` ` c $ $`0<$ 0   r ` S \ $0    ` C *ATN00686_ oPH$D 0))))))skskskz ` P  `  ,$D 0 `  `1?` Pxo ` 3 r GH1?   All software is stigmergically epiphenomenal over the instruction execution cycle, which is stigmergically epiphenomenal over electron flows..  ` C x GVH1? `@,$D  0 RThe rules are the only forces!H ` 0޽h ?/ ` ` www3ff!!___PPT10!.+I"D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(D' =+4 8?dCB0-#ppt_w/2BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*`D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_yBCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*`DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`i%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`i%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`+M%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`Ms%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`s%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*`%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* `%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* `%(+p+0+`0 ++0+ `0 +)  m e  *  (     3 pu  ,$D 0   f1?   s VA*turing_linz_images_1Jf    6 %$``<$ 0 % U  T gֳgֳf1 ?"` @,$D 0 By suitably arranging these patterns, one can simulate a Turing Machine. Paul Rendell. http://rendell.server.org.uk/gol/tmdetails.htm>ZI .jW   0W   bAvvlife-fsmlife-fsm.jpg 0& ,$D 0   <, A$P`P0   )  C x GwwH1? @ ,$D 0 Mand their interaction APIs.3   C x GyHI1?  @,$D 0 W#You don't do this with your models.$Z$Y & C xzGH?1? 0,$D  0 }AA second level of emergence. Again, no algorithm; just stigmergy. BA( ) C x%G/rH~1? p  ,$D 0 LAlso stigmergic. (% * C xd%GH1?   ,$D 0 I Very fragile.  H  0޽h ?_P & ) * www3ff___PPT10.+, wD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*/o%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*o%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<**%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+&0 ++0+)0 ++0+*0 +     V (  ~  s *X?%$P`  % P  HN%gֳgֳ ?  ,$D 0 To prove that a Game-of-Life simulation of a Turing Machine works, must reason about epiphenomenal interactions among epiphenomenal patterns. Must show that the design: Simulates a Turing Machine. (Reify the design; treat it as real.) Can be implemented on a Game-of-Life platform.\nrnU7 r Hr  ZG%1?`d,$D 0 jWhat does it mean for epiphenomenal gliders and other epiphenomenal patterns to simulate a Turing Machine?.k0uAZj  C x[%G*H1? @ P ,$D 0 dReductionism: the patterns don t really interact! $3 & 0HHt  C xf%GXH1?  0 ,$D 0 &Functionalism: it s (only!) the design that matters. (Set it free!) Multiple possible implementations. Disengage the model from the implementation.B'99Q 0HH  C xV%GH1?  ,$D 0 Levels of abstraction? Layered hierarchies? Very useful but not real.(H8n<nHH  0޽h ??0  www3ff___PPT10+dB DN' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(++0+0 ++0+ 0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +# ,  (   ~   s *@%$@`  %    c $ %$  <$D 0 % *   C xx%G\H\1? 0 ,$D 0 NLet s pretend.:   C x؏%G|H=1? p` ,$D  0 ^,Recall Weinberg: no autonomous weather laws.--6   C x%GdH#1? @P ,$D  0 Z(Lots of autonomous Turing Machines laws!))H   0޽h ??0    www3ff___PPT10z.+kCDr' = @B D-' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6Q%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Qt%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* t%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* -%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* --%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 ++0+ 0 +!    n(  ~  s * %$0`  %   c $%$`P<$ 0 %   # lD%G*HvwwwjJ? "`P ,$D  0 &Recall Shalizi s notion of emergence as all the order in the universe beyond quarks/strings, etc.&b0uAnb RH  0޽h ? www3ff2*___PPT10 .+%{PDr' = @B D-' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<y%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*y%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+p+0+0 ++0+0 +X, 9   @$ (  ~  s * )$P`  )   c $ )$ @<$D 0 ) J  H0 )gֳgֳf ?` ` ,$D 0 8(General) evolution s  blind watchmaker Something survives if its design/functionality works in its environment. Functionality understood on its own level.8)PtZ)t H  H4)gֳgֳf ?` ` ,$D 0 6Intelligent designer/architect Theoretical considerations for a Turing Machine. Real considerations about a real environment for an embedded system. (Systems engineering/architecting.)PPZe- Hr  Htgֳgֳf ? ,$D  0 hIn both cases concerned about interaction with an environment. The functionality is  outward looking toward the environment. The  downward looking implementation isn t the point.0?PvP?v L  H,)gֳgֳf ?0,$D 0 XTwo sources of design.H  0޽h ? www3ffl"d"___PPT10D".+=D!' |= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*)r%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*r%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?~%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*~%(++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 ++0+0 +!  0 ( ` \ (  \~ \ s *<)$`00 0  )  \ c $x=)$<$ 0 )  \  `1?p@ !p \  `1?p@ !p \  `1?p@ !p \  `1?p@ !p \  `1?jL8    \0?   \ c xA$0hurricane_sectionHurricane Cross SectionT  \ 3 rE)1?  4http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Hurricanes/55 >  \ Z@K)1?p,$D 0 ,Self-perpetuating far-from-equilibrium processes define regions of reduced entropy: you, me, Theseus s ship, & 4o8f( \ C xO)GseH11? ,$D 0 LWhat s real?  H \ 0޽h ?\ www3ff___PPT10g.+D' = @B DR' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\D%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* \%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\%(++0+\0 ++0+ \0 ++0+\0 +6 < ^(  r  S Hv)$0  ) Zj `   #""0p@` D  # l|)1? @`p  ZHas functional  design, e.g., Turing Machine.. @`  # l )1?@ p  p*Pure epiphenomena, e.g., 2-chamber example++ @`#   # l)1? `  9Imports, stores, distributes, and selectively uses energy:: @`  # l\9|1?  k%Externally maintained energy gradient&& @`  # l)1? p `  ]Self-created boundaries @`  # l)1?p  [Artificial boundaries @`  # l)1? `@ dSelf-perpetuating entities @`  # l4)1? @ `Dissipative structures @`xB   H1 ?@`@xB  H1 ? ` ~B   N1 ?`xB  H1 ?  xB  H1 ?@ ~B  N1 ?@xB Ɯ H1 ?`@` ~B  N1 ?``@xB Ȝ H1 ? ` xB  H1 ?p `p   C xM.)1?0[U 9Tangent a  C x)GPHl1?  ` ,$D 0 QWhat is the simplest example of a (proto-)biological system with these qualities?RRH  0޽h ? www3ff  K(  ~  s *x)$P0  )   c $X)$0<$ 0 )   C xR$)1?@+P 9Tangent H  0޽h ? www3ff___PPT10e.+hkXD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Q%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Qk%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*k%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 +s+   D(  D  D  `l-gֳgֳ ?$0`  -  D c $L-$0<$D 0 -  D C $A gecko0 ,$D  0>  D N)gֳgֳ3f ? p,$D 0 DModels of computer security or terrorism will always be incomplete. EZE& D N)gֳgֳ3f ?0`,$D 0 m%Can only model unimaginative enemies.&Z&&= D C x)G +H{1? `0,$D 0 a/Universe is not segmented into disjoint layers.00 D C x)GH1?  P ,$D 0 A epiphenomenalP D C xDc|GH'1?  `P ,$D 0 <ABM w/GP  H D 0޽h ??0DDD www3ffP"H"___PPT10(".+.D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@